Baseball Games A Special Place - 939 Words

There are only thirty cities in the United States that are fortunate enough to have a major league baseball team. One of those lucky cities is Denver, Colorado. Sitting on the corner of 20th and Blake Street in Lower Downtown Denver, Coors Field has been home to the Colorado Rockies since 1999. There are many reasons why Coors Field is a special place. The atmosphere of Coors Field is unforgettable. Baseball fans encounter many sacred moments because it is more than just a game, it is America s pastime, and because of this, it can even form a special bond between a father and son. At Coors Field, a father and son can share a unique bond over the simple love for baseball through the one of a kind atmosphere that the ball park can provide. Baseball games are unlike any other professional sporting event in that it has a family- friendly atmosphere, and Coors Field has an atmosphere that is unique even among other Major League ballparks that makes attending baseball games truly memorabl e. Games always start at 6:40pm, and that means fans get to witness both a warm Colorado evening and a gorgeous sunset that descends over the majestic Rocky Mountains. After the sun recedes behind the purple mountains, the lights shine brighter then the stars on the sky. Every seven pitches or so, a baseball retires to the audience by way of a foul ball, and everybody applauds as one lucky fan shows off their new souvenir. The Rockies purple pinstripe uniforms look just as professional asShow MoreRelatedI Am A Baseball Field946 Words   |  4 Pages Everybody has a special place that means so much to them every time the set foot there. My special place just so happens to be a baseball field. It doesn’t necessarily have to be a particular field, it’s just that every time I set foot on one I think of all the memories made when playing the game and of all the friends I have made because of it. I have been playing baseball for practically my entire life and along the way have learned a lot of life lessons because of it. A few fields that specificallyRead MoreA Brief History of Softball720 Words   |  3 PagesThe way that softball is played today has evolved to be a direct descendent of baseball. According to Margaret Dodson, a professor of physical education at Portland State University and also a member of the Amateur Softball Association, â€Å"The game as we know it did not take shape until the 1980’s† (4). One version of the origin of the game was given to George W. Hancock, a reporter for the Chic ago Board of Trade. (Dodson, 4). According to Dodson, on Thanksgiving Day in 1887 Hancock and a few otherRead MoreBaseball Is The Hardest Sport Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesBaseball is the Hardest Sport All sports in some ways are difficult. No two sports are exactly the same with the same struggles. Playing baseball is the most difficult due to the physical and mental challenges that are performed by the athletes. Baseball is not a sport that any athlete can just pick up and play. Professional baseball players have a season with 162 games before post season. Baseball players arent the biggest, the strongest, or the fastest. A baseball player can be any size andRead MoreA Brief History of America’s National Pastime679 Words   |  3 PagesCentury Baseball website, author Eric Miklich writes that America’s pastime may have originated in Canada. Miklich tells the story of Dr. Adam E. Ford who wrote a letter about a game which had been played in 1838 which was described to have several key differences than baseball. Many people believe that baseball evolved from games played in England- mainly cricket and rounders. Others believe the German game of town ball is where it all started. October 6, 1845 was the first baseball game on recordRead More Descriptive Essay - The Baseball Diamond1477 Words   |  6 PagesThe Baseball Diamond Many people dont understand the point in playing baseball. Why would someone swing a stick, hit a ball, and try to get back to where they started before the ball returns? What pleasure is there in that? Why not participate in a sport like wrestling or track where there is an obvious level of individual improvement and therefore pleasure. Well, I play baseball because of the love I have for the sport, and because of the feeling that overwhelms me every time I walk onto aRead MoreEssay about Advertising In Baseball Stadiums1673 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Baseball is considered to be America’s favorite pastime and has become popular all over the world. This sport is watched by millions of people every time there is a game played. People will go to the stadiums to watch and a lot of fans will watch the game on television. Since there are so many people watching these games, advertising has become more and more apart of every baseball stadium due to the amount of exposure a company can receive by using theRead MoreAdvertising in Baseball Stadiums1701 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Baseball is considered to be Americas favorite pastime and has become popular all over the world. This sport is watched by millions of people every time there is a game played. People will go to the stadiums to watch and a lot of fans will watch the game on television. Since there are so many people watching these games, advertising has become more and more apart of every baseball stadium due to the amount of exposure a company can receive by using the many types of ads found inRead MoreEssay on A Brief History of America’s National Pastime1708 Words   |  7 Pages An article in the Babe Ruth Central website tells the story which took place in game three of the World Series in Chicago’s Wrigley Field. The New York Yankees were up two games to none on the Chicago Cubs. In the fifth inning, with the score tied four-four, many of the nearly 50,000 fans, and even players in the Chicago dugout, began taunting and heckling the batter. What happened next went down in bas eball history as one of the most famous and controversial at-bats. The batter was none other thanRead MoreBaseball s Great Experiment : Jackie Robinson1424 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica with a bat and a glove. Jules Tygiel certainly spent a lot of time writing about the importance of Jackie Robinson and the influence he had on and off the baseball diamond in his novel, Baseball’s Great Experiment. Before reading this novel, I considered myself to be knowledgeable of Robinson and how important he was to the game, but what I didn’t know was how hard it was for Robinson and other Blacks to break this barrier. Tygiel emphasizes the courage and the bravery these men showed throughoutRead MoreBaseball Is The Same Way Of Life1212 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of baseball is, â€Å"a ball game played between two teams of nine on a field with a diamond-shaped circuit of four bases.† In reality baseball is so much more than that. The movies Bull Durham, The Natural, and Field of Dreams exemplify the metaphysical meaning of sport. Baseball is a metaphor for the American way of life; it unites people. It can even bring back the dead. The lessons learned in baseball illum inate the core tenants of American society. The metaphysical meaning of baseball represents

Why Did the Nationalists Win the Spanish Civil War Free Essays

Achilleas Sarantaris 2/10/11 | Republicans| Nationalists| Political Strengths/weaknesses| *Caballero’s rule weakened because Republicans were politically divided due to different ideologies; communists vs. socialists who believed revolution should be postponed, anarchists who believed war could only be won through revolutionary policies. *Terror tactics to control increasing population led to resistance*’May Days† street fighting: communists and socialists vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Did the Nationalists Win the Spanish Civil War? or any similar topic only for you Order Now narchists enhanced disunity| *main strength was their unity. Franco would assume political and military command because Nationalists wanted unified command. Falange Espaniola Tradicionalista, Franco’s new merged party, had 1,070,000 members. *Supported from the church which opposed the left*Franco gained power and authority from his victories in the battlefield| Military strengths/weaknesses| *Lacked strong military leadership, no unified command; anarchists and Basques refused to be led by a central command structure. Loyal army officers were not trusted by the Republic. Dependent on hazardous ineffective militia units, different fronts operated separately| *Even though initial disunity, Africanistas contained the best troops in the country thus they could cover other forces. *Key to success was unified command. Franco’s leadership was accepted by other right-wing parties, including Italians. *Sound communicators, military equipment and large amount of junior officers together with Franco’s ability as a military leader were decisive factors. | Economic advantages/disadvantages| *Under anarchist control utilities worked by workers’ committees, collective farms set up. However they could not supply the needs of the republic to fight the war. *Production in Catalan fell by 2/3 between 1936 and 1939. *Due to Non-Intervention Committee trade only with USSR, which led to the entire gold reserves of Spain being used up| *Backed by business community, hence they could buy war supplies. *Main industrial areas under their control. *Benefited from unrestricted international trade. USA gave $700 million in credit to the Nationalists. | Foreign Assistance| *Far more limited than that of the Nationalists; main ally USSR. *No Soviet troops send to fight, only 1000 aircrafts, 750 tanks and some advisers, which had to be aid for. *International Brigade sent 35. 000 foreign volunteers with limited impact. 1938 Soviets withdrew support and IB left. Francs initial aid ended when it joined Britain’s Non-Intervention| *Foreign aid was a crucial factor in the Nationalist’s victory. *Rebels benefited from more aid of better quality than that given to Repub licans. Franco’s army airlifted by German’s to mainland. *German condor legion; 10,000 troops, 800 aircraft, 200 tanks. Italians 75,000 troops, 750 planes and 150 tanks. Portuguese 20,000 troops. *Key factor not man power, but advanced technology and equipment they received. | p How to cite Why Did the Nationalists Win the Spanish Civil War?, Papers

Discussion On Actor Network Theory

Question: Discuss about the Discussion On Actor Network Theory? Answer: Introduction In this modern world of communication and technology, computers have become a significant element of business sectors as well as day-to-day living of human beings. It is essential for every business sector to invest more on Information technology rather than depending only just upon the human resources. The implementation of a well-planned Information system will increase the efficiency, productivity, performance, scalability, capacity as well as accuracy related to business process (Bijker et al. 2012). Hence, in this study, two live stories has been taken into account for analyzing the various actants and non-human actors to define the role that play in a network of Information Technology. The main stories that have been taken for this study are based on the renowned smartphone company Apple to discuss the various contributions of the actors and actants in the network of this organization. Discussion The Actor-network theory is based on social science theories where its main functionality belongs to its translation or enrollment theory. Actor-network theory is abstract of theoretical knowledge where information is processed from a set of collected data that indicate different scientific activities (Bechmann and Lomborg 2013). In here, the primary function of collected dataset is to provide a successive guideline, and it creates a monitoring framework to identify and inspect different activities that are associated with the connected network. The main course of actor-network theory is to concentrate on human interaction with computing device or machine and its machine related functions. In addition, this technology makes an excellent approach towards advance computing technology (Kapko 2016).Different actors and network elements are identified with the help of collected data set that created after making an analysis of entire data collection, which is very much functional to determine a process state due to interaction in-between human and machine. Story 1: Criticism by Steve Wozniak on Apple for entering jewelry market Apple is one of the most prominent brand name in the field new age smartphone technology. Apple introduces much different and unique mobile technology that involved in making the change or evolution of new generation electronics devices. Apple Mobile devices are equipped with high-value system applications but apart from this advantage, this method also plunged with its complexity. The main reason for this massive complexity is created due to its high degree application functionality (AdWeek 2016). The co-founder of Apple Steven Wozniak has criticized the company for itssmart watch that has taken Apple "into the jewelry market". As opined by Bechmann and Lomborg (2013), in an interview, Wozniak said the Apple Watch was more of a status symbol than a technological breakthrough, and questioned how it fit with the company's mission. In the interview session, Steven Wozniak says that Apple Watch is taken into a jewelry market where the customers are going to buy a watch between $500 (app roximately 345) or $1,100 (approximately 760) based on how important is the person. Furthermore, the statement was added that this is not the company that Apple was originally, or the company that really changed the world a lot. Other than that numerous clients of the savvy trusts that the watch satisfies every one of the elements and elements of existing smart watches, including wellness following and warnings, however it still depends on the telephone for all its availability. This implies the clients are still fastened to the very gadget that the Apple Watch is intended to supplant in day-by-day use. The Apple Watch is intended to be fastened to an iPhone. The pair conveys over Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, which gives the Watch, included processing power (Mpazanje, Sewchurran and Brown 2013). In any case, this relationship implies that when the iPhone is out of the mathematical statement, the Watch turns out to be minimal more than a watch. In the UK, Apple's most expensive Watch is made of 18-carat rose gold and costs 13,500. The Herms Apple Watch costs 1,150. This current lineup of Apple Watches betrayed the history of a company that really changed the world a lot. Story 2: Apple support is available now on Twitter Apple makes a step towards its usability function to reduce the complexity factor among twitter account holders. The main barrier for these advance applications is the misconception and lack of information about device functionality. Peoples are unaware of many outstanding features that are implanted in apples devices (Kapko 2016). Therefore, taking this issue on their account, now Apple displayed their application and device functionality over the social network. Apple decided to make their applications related discussion and feedback forum attwitters.combecause Twitter is worlds number one micro blogging site. Using of Twitter they can use it as their blog platform that is more than a general blog site. Twitter is fast, secure and globalized social platform, which can accelerate the organization performance by processing customer query, Device description, etc. Nowadays maximum social network user has a twitter id, so it is pretty much accessible and suitable for any user to connec t with Apple's services and for this, they do not need to create any other extra account on Apple's website. Apples make their twitter id as @Applesupport to create an identity of apple in Twitter networks. Now Apple's experts are processed customers query through their designated Twitter account. Twitter also provides account verification for their high-value user accounts that are also applied over Apple's account id. Therefore, a Twitter user can easily track down the actual Twitter account of Apples. Apart from this apples Twitters Account also receive self-reflective comment among their device and application user (Kapko 2016). It is very much essential for a big organization like Apple. By collecting this information, Apple can evaluate the customers decision about their product and services. Enhancing management in the computing stories The Co-founder of Apple shows a strong criticism towards the entering of Apple into the jewelry market with the production of Apple smart watch (The Huffington Post UK 2016). This represents that the person has a strong opposed view on this act of Apple to enter the jewelry market as it has changed the company. In the first story, the actants can be determined as Steven Wozniak, the co-founder of Apple along with the users of smart watch, and the non-human actors as Apple and smart watch that has changed the main perception behind the brand name Apple. According to Wired UK (2016), in second story the IT supportive network has been considered as programming actant where each of its segments has claimed significances to improve the administrative elements of the whole system framework. In this developing specialized world, beginning from renowned personalities to basic individuals everybody bears a twitter account. Accordingly, Apple association authority utilizes this tool for their client administration, which is a more prominent advantage for the Twitter account holders (Kapko 2016). The association made its twitter account named as @AppleSupport, where they give instructional exercise and tips to its Twitter supporters and subsequent to dispatching this, by the following day it has answered to 500 inquiries and accomplished more than 45,000 twitter believers toward their administration (Parasie and Dagiral 2012). Clients additionally get the tips with respect to their new items and administrations. A large portion of the inquiri es have come identified with the IOS, Apple music store, and Safari program and by the backing of the Twitter account; they offered an explanation to the inquiries exceptionally well and acquired more prominent client fulfillments. The database administration framework keeps up information quality by confining the unapproved access, constrains the entrance to ensure private data and uphold appropriate security amid the system operations (Ruppert, Law and Savage 2013). The client relationship administration helps the Apple supporters to give stakes on quality administration with respect to the questions of the clients holding Twitter accounts. Issues raised in the stories From the analysis on the two depicted computing stories, a share of the biggest issues has come before the progressive society. The concept of Actor-Network theory is utilized as the impression of the modern advancements in the computing society. This area is highlighted to depict the points of interest and weaknesses concerning the modern computing with respect to the Actor-Network theory. Perspectives of various experts and researchers have been received to examine the upsides and downsides of modern day computing. From the learning and data viewpoint, (Venturini 2012) expressed that accounting in modern day gives suitable data and information to streamline the whole business operations. In any case, data and information can be hacked because of the nonappearance of appropriate security systems. Then again, as per Schreurs et al. (2013), present day processing can give best instructive, diversion components to the clients. In any case, parts of this modern computing can be assaulte d by a few malware and infections that can release the secret data of the association. These issues ought to be checked with appropriate concern. Conclusion From this study, it can be presumed that, each actant of the computing stories are affected by different actants to accomplish the point of gathering. The two extraordinary stories, which have talked about for this specific task, have distinctive equipment and programming actants, which are interrelated to each other. The introduction of information technology is vital to acquire the desired results in terms of competitive market as well as successful conduction of the business processes. IT plays an important role in the decision-making procedure of an organization to decide how well an organization can run the business and market their products as well as services. Administration power of Apple association attempted to reach to their clients through the backing of Twitter records. However, now and again inquiries of clients get to be unanswered because of appropriate client administration support. Thusly, the joint efforts of Twitter with the administration of Apple Company insert appropriate IT supportive network to serve their twitter account holder clients by means of online-specialized strategies. Hence, in both the cases, Actor-Network hypothesis covers every one of the parts of human activities to non-human exercises. References AdWeek. 2016.Apple Finally Joins Twitter With an Eye Toward Socializing Its Customer Service. [online] Available at: https://www.adweek.com/news/technology/apple-finally-joins-twitter-eye-toward-socializing-its-customer-service-169979 [Accessed 11 Mar. 2016]. Bechmann, A. and Lomborg, S., 2013. Mapping actor roles in social media: Different perspectives on value creation in theories of user participation.New media society,15(5), pp.765-781. Bijker, W.E., Hughes, T.P., Pinch, T. and Douglas, D.G., 2012.The social construction of technological systems: New directions in the sociology and history of technology. MIT press. Kapko, M. 2016.Apple launches new @AppleSupport channel on Twitter. [online] CIO. Available at: https://www.cio.com/article/3040863/tech-support/apple-launches-new-applesupport-channel-on-twitter.html [Accessed 11 Mar. 2016]. Mpazanje, F., Sewchurran, K. and Brown, I., 2013. Rethinking Information Systems Projects using Actor-Network TheoryPerspectives from a Developing Country.The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries,58. Parasie, S. and Dagiral, E., 2012. Data-driven journalism and the public good:Computer-assisted-reporters and programmer-journalists in Chicago.New Media Society, p.1461444812463345. Ruppert, E., Law, J. and Savage, M., 2013. Reassembling social science methods: The challenge of digital devices.Theory, Culture Society,30(4), pp.22-46. Schreurs, B., Teplovs, C., Ferguson, R., De Laat, M. and Buckingham Shum, S., 2013, April. Visualizing social learning ties by type and topic: Rationale and concept demonstrator. InProceedings of the Third International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge(pp. 33-37). ACM. The Huffington Post UK. 2016.This Big Part Of Online Trolling Is About To Become Illegal. [online] Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2016/03/03/internet-trolls-fake-profiles-humiliate-people-criminal-charges-cps_n_9371548.html [Accessed 11 Mar. 2016]. Venturini, T., 2012. Building on faults: how to represent controversies with digital methods.Public Understanding of Science,21(7), pp.796-812. Wired UK. (2016).Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak criticises Apple Watch in Reddit AMA (Wired UK). [online] Available at: https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2016-03/17/steve-wozniak-criticises-apple-watch-reddit-ama [Accessed 18 Mar. 2016]. Wired UK. 2016.Apple Support is now available on Twitter (Wired UK). [online] Available at: https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2016-03/03/apple-support-twitter-customer-support [Accessed 11 Mar. 2016].

Why Do We Read Literature Essay Sample free essay sample

First. Literature Defined:* â€Å"The creative activity of literature is a uniquely human activity. Born of man’s timeless desire to understand. express. and eventually portion experiences. † * Literature is â€Å"a concrete artefact — a narrative. a verse form. or a play† * â€Å"The medium of interlingual rendition. of class. is linguistic communication. the written and spoken word. † * â€Å"When we speak of literature. nevertheless. we have in head a particular sort of linguistic communication that differs from the ordinary discourse with which we conduct our day-to-day personal businesss. The term literature. . . refers to linguistic communication that is intentionally structured in such a manner as to hold identifiable artistic qualities. † 1. ) Reading for Vicarious Escape* Literature can offer â€Å"exciting narrations that can be read uncritically merely because they allow us to get away the jobs and duties of our mundane lives and to take part. nevertheless briefly. in a universe of experience that differs radically from our ain. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Do We Read Literature? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † * Examples: the undercover agent or detective narrative ; scientific discipline fiction ; historical novels * We read for the merriment of it. * â€Å"Many plants of literature. classics every bit good as paper-back book mush. last exactly because they win in temporarily detaching us from clip and topographic point and transporting us to some fanciful universe that we otherwise would neer cognize. † * â€Å"Although some people tend to see such a motivation as stripling or even philistine. the fact remains that literature flourishes. in portion at least. because of the freedom and get away it affords our imaginativeness. † * And for those plants which do non look like â€Å"escape. † we should inquire what they have that have led them to â€Å"survive† over clip! 2. ) Reading to Learn* â€Å"Literature offers the reader ‘knowledge’ in the signifier of information. . . information that at the clip is all the more absorbing because it is portion of the author’s re-created universe. † * â€Å"Literature read in this manner serves as a societal papers. giving us insight into the Torahs. imposts. establishments. attitudes. and values of the age in which it was written or in which it is set. † * Literature â€Å"broadens our cognition of the universe. [ However. ] non all of this ‘knowledge’ is peculiarly valuable ; and much of it will be disregarded rapidly. Some of it may. in fact. turn out to be misdirecting or even false. and as such must ever be checked and verified against other beginnings. † 3. ) Reading to Confront Experience* â€Å"One of the most compelling facets of literature is its relationship to human experience. Reading is an act of battle and engagement. It is besides. at the same time. an act of elucidation and find. Literature allows us. as possibly no other medium can. the opportunity to get the better of the restrictions of our ain subjectiveness and those restrictions imposed by sex. age. societal and economic status. and the times in which we live. Literary characters offer us immediate entree to a broad scope of human experiences we otherwise might neer cognize. As readers we observe these characters’ private every bit good as public lives. and go toilet to their innermost ideas. feelings. and motives. It is the really familiarity of this entree that explains why psychologists have traditionally found inventive literature a rich beginning for instance surveies to exemplify theories of personality and behaviour. † [ For illustration. the Oed ipal composite! ] * â€Å"The relationship between literature and experience. nevertheless. is a mutual one. Merely as literature allows us to take part in the experience of others. so excessively it has the power to form and change our attitudes and outlooks. To cognize why we identify with one character and non another may state us about the sort of individual we are or aspire to be. If we are sensitive and perceptive readers. we have much to larn from these brushs. which can enrich the quality and impact the way of our lives. though the precise effects of these brushs are impossible to foretell and will change from one reader to another. One grade of a ‘great’ work of literature is its ability to hold an consequence on the reader. In the same manner. it is this affectional power of fiction. play. and poesy that helps to explicate the endurance of those plants we regard as classics. [ Works ] survive as classics because they have offered coevalss of readers the chance to clear up and possibly even modify their positions of life and besides because they shed life on the comple xness and ambiguity of human being. including the reader’s ain. † 4. ) Reading for Aesthetic Pleasure* â€Å"Literature can besides be read for the sheer aesthetic pleasance we take in good workmanship of any sort. ‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever’ is a phrase the poet John Keats has given us ; well-ordered and happy words are one of the few signifiers of immortality. Despite its other utilizations. a verse form. a drama. or a novel is a self-contained work of art. with a definable and describable construction and texture: it can be approached and appreciated on footings that are unambiguously its ain. What distinguishes literature from other signifiers of artistic looks is its trust on construction and manner in linguistic communication. Sensitive and experient readers will react to happy words. though they many non be ab initio witting of precisely what they are reacting to. or why. When that response is a positive 1. we speak of our sense of pleasance or delectation. in much the same manner that we respond to a picture. a piece of sculpture. or a musical composing. If we push our enquiry farther and seek to analyse our response. we begin to travel in the way of literary unfavorable judgment. † On Literary Criticism:* â€Å"Rumor to the contrary. literary unfavorable judgment is non an exercising in human inventiveness that professors of English engage in for its ain interest. Neither is the word unfavorable judgment to be confused with the sort of negativity and mistake determination we sometimes encounter in acerb book reappraisals. The fact of the affair is that the more we learn about how to near a narrative. verse form. or drama. the greater our grasp of a genuinely great work becomes. and greater still the sense of pleasance and enjoyment we can deduce from it. Literary unfavorable judgment is nil more. or less. than an effort to clear up. explicate. and measure our experience with a given literary work. Properly understood and properly employed. literary unfavorable judgment allows us to raise and so reply. nevertheless tentatively. certain basic inquiries about an author’s accomplishment and about the ways in which he or she achieved it. It besides allows us to organize some judgements about the comparative virtue or quality of the work as a whole. † * â€Å"Like all organized Fieldss of academic survey. the survey of literature remainders on at least three cardinal premises that critics and readers must be willing to accept. * Literary unfavorable judgment. foremost of all. presupposes that a work of literary art contains certain important relationships and forms of significance that the reader-critic can retrieve and portion. Without such anterior understanding. of class. there can be no unfavorable judgment. for by definition there would be nil worthy of communicating. * Second. literary unfavorable judgment presupposes the ability of the reader-turned-critic to interpret his experience of the work into rational footings that can be communicated to and understood by others. * Third. literary unfavorable judgment presupposes that the critic’s experience of the work. one time organized and articulated. will be by and large compatible with the experience of other readers. This is non to connote that critics and other readers will ever see oculus to oculus. for of class they do non and neer will. It is to state that to be valid and valuable the critic’s reading of a work must harmonize. at least in a general manner. with what other intelligent readers over a sensible period of clip are willing to hold on and accept. † A Warning about Analysis:* â€Å"The analytical method. it should be noted. is merely one of a figure of attacks taken by critics in their geographic expedition and survey of literature. It is true that by concentrating our attending entirely on the literary work we run the hazard of minimising. or disregarding wholly. many other factors that might otherwise contribute to our apprehension. With the analytical method. for illustration. we tend to overlook * the author’s purpose in composing the work. * the relationship between the work and the author’s life and experience. * or the even broader relationship between the work and the historical civilization in which it was written and to which it was originally directed. * The analytical method besides tends to disregard the critical relationship of literature to human experience in general and to the reader’s ain experiences in peculiar. †

Simone dE Beauvoir essays

Simone dE Beauvoir essays Reader Response: Simone De Beauvoir Women: Myth and Reality The essay Woman: Myth and Reality, written by Simone De Beauvoir, in my understanding, provides an excuse as to why men believe women are not equal to them. The concept of the Eternal Feminine myth has no basis or concrete grounds for existence. Women are said to be mysterious because they are not like man. Is this because we do not look like men? If so, then the reasoning would be considered ridiculous. I believe the anatomical structures of a woman and man hold no relevance as to why women were and still are treated as the subordinate sex. However, women too have helped the myth of the Eternal Feminine grow. In her essay Simone De Beauvoir mentions how women are seen as the Other human sex. In connection to that she also writes about the story of the master and the slave. The story is significant because it points out how both the slave and woman are called the Other, leaving man with the title master. The irony of the story is how man is the master, who rules over woman, who in turn has been lowered to the level of the slave. The sad thing is that women over the years have played into the myth of women and the Other. We, in essence, have dug our own hole and are now trying effortlessly to climb out and take our place as an equal being to man. In my own personal view, women are not entirely sure of what they want. Women have strived to prove they can live in a mans world but have held back because they are afraid of losing their femininity. This makes the myth only stronger. As Jacobus says, Women who accept the myth will manipulate men for their own purposes by trading on that myth, but in the process they will lose their individual nature (pp. 818). Accepting the Eternal Feminine myth will only cause women to lose themsel ...

Biography of Thomas Newcomen, Steam Engine Inventor

Biography of Thomas Newcomen, Steam Engine Inventor Thomas Newcomen (February 28, 1663–August 5, 1729) was a blacksmith from Dartmouth, England who assembled the prototype for the first modern steam engine. His machine, built in 1712, was known as the Atmospheric Steam Engine. Fast Facts: Thomas Newcomen Known For: Inventor of the atmospheric steam engineBorn: February 28, 1663 in Dartmouth, EnglandParents: Elias Newcomen and his first wife SarahDied: August 5, 1729 in London, EnglandEducation: Trained as an ironmonger (blacksmith) in ExeterSpouse: Hannah Waymouth (m. July 13, 1705)Children: Thomas (d. 1767), Elias (d. 1765), Hannah Before Thomas Newcomens time, steam engine technology was in its infancy. Inventors such as Edward Somerset of Worcester, Newcomens neighbor Thomas Savery, and French philosopher John Desaguliers were all researching the technology before Thomas Newcomen began his experiments. Their research inspired inventors such as Newcomen and James Watt to invent practical and useful steam-powered machines. Early Life Thomas Newcomen was born on February 28, 1663, one of six children of Elias Newcomen (d. 1702) and his wife Sarah (d. 1666). The family was solidly middle-class: Elias was a freeholder, shipowner, and merchant. After Sarah died, Elias remarried Alice Trenhale on January 6, 1668, and it was Alice that raised Thomas, his two brothers, and three sisters. Thomas likely served as an apprentice at an ironmonger in Exeter: although there is no record of it, he began to trade as a blacksmith in Dartmouth about 1685. Documentary evidence has him purchasing quantities of iron up to 10 tons from various mills between 1694 and 1700, and he mended the Dartmouth Town Clock in 1704. Newcomen had a retail store at the time, selling tools, hinges, nails, and chains. On July 13, 1705, Newcomen married Hannah Waymouth, the daughter of Peter Waymouth of Marlborough. They eventually had three children: Thomas, Elias, and Hannah. Partnership With John Calley Thomas Newcomen was assisted in his steam research by John Calley (c. 1663–1717), a man from Brixton, Devonshire. Both are listed on the patent for the Atmospheric Steam Engine. John Calley (sometimes spelled Cawley) was a glazier- some sources say he was a plumber- who served out an apprenticeship in Newcomens workshops and continued working with him afterward. Together they likely began working on the steam engine in the late 17th century, and by 1707, Newcomen expanded his businesses, taking out or renewing new leases on a number of properties in Dartmouth. Neither Newcomen nor Calley was educated in mechanical engineering, and they corresponded with scientist Robert Hooke, asking him to advise them about their plans to build a steam engine with a steam cylinder containing a piston similar to that of Denis Papins. Hooke advised against their plan, but, fortunately, the obstinate and uneducated mechanics stuck to their plans: In 1698, Newcomen and Calley made an experimental, 7-inch-diameter brass cylinder, sealed with a leather flap around the edge of the piston.  The purpose of the first steam engines like the ones experimented with by Newcomen was to drain water out of coal mines. Thomas Savery Newcomen was considered an eccentric and a schemer by locals, but he did know about the steam engine invented by Thomas Savery (1650–1715). Newcomen visited Saverys home in Modbury, England, 15 miles from where Newcomen lived. Savery hired Newcomen, a skilled blacksmith, and ironmonger, to forge a working model of his engine. Newcomen was allowed to make a copy of the Savery machine for himself, which he set up in his own backyard, where he and Calley worked on improving the Savery design. Although the engine that Newcomen and Calley built was not a total success, they were able to obtain a patent in 1708. That was for an engine combining a steam cylinder and piston, surface condensation, a separate boiler, and separate pumps. Also named on the patent was Thomas Savery, who at that time held the exclusive rights to use surface condensation. The Atmospheric Steam Engine The atmospheric engine, as first designed, used a slow process of condensation by applying condensing water to the exterior of the cylinder, to produce the vacuum, which in turn caused the strokes of the engine to take place at very long intervals. More improvements were made, which immensely increased the rapidity of condensation. Thomas Newcomens first engine produced 6 or 8 strokes a minute, which he improved to 10 or 12 strokes. Newcomens engine passed steam through the cock and up into the cylinder, which equilibrated the pressure of the atmosphere, and allowed the heavy pump rod to fall, and, by the greater weight acting through the beam, to raise the piston to the proper position. The rod carried a counterbalance if needed. The cock then opened, and a jet of water from the reservoir entered the cylinder, producing a vacuum by the condensation of the steam. The pressure of the air above the piston then forced it down, again raising the pump rods, and thus the engine worked on indefinitely. The pipe is used for the purpose of keeping the upper side of the piston covered with water, to prevent air leaks- an invention of Thomas Newcomen. Two gauge-cocks and a safety valve were built in; the pressure used was hardly greater than that of the atmosphere, and the weight of the valve itself was ordinarily sufficient to keep the pipe down. The condensing water, together with the water of condensation, flowed off through the open pipe. Thomas Newcomen modified his steam engine so that it could power the pumps used in mining operations that removed water from mine shafts. He added an overhead beam, from which the piston was suspended at one end and the pump rod at the other. Death Thomas Newcomen died on August 5, 1729, in London at a friends house. His wife Hannah outlived him, she moved to Marlborough, and died in 1756. His son Thomas became a serge maker (cloth maker) in Taunton, and his son Elias became an ironmonger (but not an inventor) like his father. Legacy At first, Thomas Newcomens steam engine was seen as a rehash of earlier ideas. It was compared to a piston engine powered by gunpowder, designed (but never built) by Christian Huyghens, with a substitution of steam for the gasses generated by the explosion of gunpowder. Part of the issue why Newcomens work was not recognized might have been that, compared to the other inventors of the day, Newcomen was a middle-class blacksmith, and the more educated and elite inventors simply couldnt imagine that such a person would be able to invent something new. It was later recognized that Thomas Newcomen and John Calley had improved the method of condensation used in the Savery engine. French inventor and philosopher John Theophilus Desaguliers (1683–1744), wrote that Newcomens steam engine came into extensive use in all the mining districts, particularly in Cornwall, and was also applied to the drainage of wetlands, the supply of water to towns, and ship propulsion. The first steam-powered locomotive was invented in the first decade of the 19th century, based in part on Newcomens technology. Sources Allen, J.S. Newcomen, Thomas (1663–1729). A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 1: 1500–1830. Eds. Skempton, A.W. et al. London: Thomas Telford Publishing and Institution of Civil Engineers, 2002. 476–78.Dickinson, Henry Winram. Newcomen and his Vacuum Engine. A Short History of the Steam Engine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 29–53.Karwatka, Dennis. Thomas Newcomen, Inventor of the Steam Engine. Tech Directions 60.7:9, 2001.  Prosser, R.B. Thomas Newcomen (1663–1729). Dictionary of National Biography Volume 40 Myllar- Nicholls. Ed. Lee, Sidney. London: Smith, Elder Co., 1894. 326–29.

Nursing as a Profession Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing as a Profession - Research Paper Example The question of whether nursing constitutes a profession or merely an occupation has been debated frequently but never conclusively answered, owing to the subjective interpretation of word connotations as well as a lack of consensus as to what profession entails. The Random House dictionary defines a profession as â€Å"a vocation requiring knowledge of some department of learning or science.† L. Harvey (2004) says that â€Å"A profession is a group of people in a learned occupation, the members of which agree to abide by specified rules of conduct when practicing the profession.† Over the years, several researchers have developed specific criteria regarding professions. This paper will focus on the eight criteria established by Dr. Lucie Kelly in 1981, and examine nursing in relation to those criteria. Kelly's Criteria for Professions 1) The services provided are vital to humanity and the welfare of society. 2) There is a special body of knowledge that is continually enlarged through research. 3) The services involve intellectual activities; individual responsibility (accountability) is a strong feature. 4) Practitioners are educated in institutions of higher learning. 5) Practitioners are relatively independent and control their own policies and activities (autonomy). 6) Practitioners are motivated by service (altruism) and consider their work an important component of their lives. 7) There is a code of ethics to guide the decisions and conduct of practitioners 8) There is an organization (association) that encourage and supports high standards of practice. (Chitty citing Kelly, 2005, p. 171) The first four of Kelly's eight criteria are easily addressed, as there can be no doubt of the vital nature of the services provided by nurses, who are frequently referred to in literature as â€Å"the backbone of the healthcare system.† It also cannot be disputed that there exists a large and continually expanding body of knowledge related to nursing. There is a great deal of personal accountability involved in nursing as well. Each day nurses world-wide make decisions within a professional context which have a significant impact on the lives of their patients, as well as colleagues and even administrators. Nurses are required to undergo profession-specific education, as well as to maintain awareness of current research in the field in order to perform their jobs effectively. Likewise, nursing can easily be demonstrated to meet the seventh and eighth of Kelly's criteria. The Code of Ethics for Nurses is well established, and there are several national organizations devoted to maintaining high standards for nurse accreditation, as well as an International Council of Nurses. Autonomy of nurses might be questioned: Do nurses control their own policies and activities? While it is clear that a nurse must make decisions on a daily basis and act on those decisions, nurses are subjected to policies within the confines of their employing institutions. Though nurses frequently execute the orders of doctors, the manner of execution is usually left to individual nurses. Thus, in the opinion of this researcher nursing meets the fifth of Kelly's criteria. The question of motivation is a thornier one. While many individuals choose to enter nursing for altruistic reasons, it seems unreasonable to expect that all nurses share that particular motivation. Ther e is a shortage of nurses world-wide, no doubt leading to many individuals choose this career path because it will provide a secure and reliable source of income. Nurses trained in an accredited program can always find

Academic Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Academic Skills - Essay Example twentieth century, when the world was moving towards immense development at a global level, Nigeria was experiencing high unemployment, weak economy, abandoned and ruined educational system, high poverty, increased corruption and other malpractices in the private and public sectors, increased rates of crime, international criticism and imposed sanctions, and a bad management system. Okonkwo (p.58), along with other leaders, sociologists, and researchers advocated a strong need for a revamped and innovated educational system. Although the need for good education was recognized at the beginning of this century, or even earlier dating back to the colonial period (Ajayi, 420), researches conducted in recent times have also identified these or very similar needs. For example, Odia and Omofonmwan (p.81) have identified specific problems related to the educational system such as decline in standard, deterioration of facilities, examination malpractices, mass promotion syndrome and others. Ajibade stated, ‘Many Nigerian elites, going by the quality of their contributions to debates, are suffering from acute â€Å"intellectual malnutrition.† It is now pretty difficult to fight ignorance in Nigeria, a country which the World Bank report for 1991 says is the 13th poorest nation in the world. The per capita income of an average Nigerian hardly permits him the luxury of getting information materials. Not many Nigerians can afford the exorbitant prices of books.’ (qtd. in Ihonvbere, 73). This indicates two factors affecting the Nigerian education, firstly the standard of education and secondly, socioeconomics of the nation. In fact, academic crises and strength of sociopolitical conditions are interdependent. On similar terms, Odia and Omofonmwan (p.82) pointed out that education in the contemporary times has become the privilege of the affordable masses, and a business with great earning potential for the educationalists. Their research discovered that most of the

Jacksonian democrats Essay Example for Free

Jacksonian democrats Essay Thomas Jefferson was consistently inconsistent by switching from a strict constructionist view to a broad interpretation on the constitution to support his political views. Similarly, Jacksonian democrats occasionally altered their belief of being guardians of the political democracy, individual liberty, economic opportunity, and the Constitution to suit their purposes. President Andrew Jackson had several ways of ensuring political democracy thus he is regarded as a guardian of it. The spoils system is an example of Jackson stressing political democracy. According to Senator William Marcy the spoils system was acceptable since the benefits of winning should go to the winner. He supports this thought by saying, To the victor belongs the spoils. The spoils system allowed Jackson Old Hickory to rid his opponents of government jobs and award them to his supporters the Hickoryites. Another example of political democracy is rotation in office. Rotation in office is what Jackson utilized to incorporate the common man into a government role. Jackson believed that any man was capable of doing the job. Every man is as good as his neighbor, he declared, perhaps equally better. The inevitable dilemma that arises from Jacksons notion on political democracy is that illiterates, incompetents and crooks obtained positions of public trust. The result of this was Samuel Swartwout, the collector of customs at the port of New York, stole a million dollars from the government. Jackson, although he was a rich aristocrat at the time of his election, might have been influenced to raise the common man on a pedestal as a result of him having been born poor. One of his first acts as president was to invite the working class of America to his inaugural. The White house was only emptied upon a rumor that said spiked punch had been served on the lawns. As a result, the inaugural is often referred to as the inaugural brawl and Jackson being the leader of the common people was called, King Mob. This represented what Jackson emphasized and that was the importance of individual right. Jackson believed that it was unfair for power to be in the hands of an elite few. Therefore, he advocated the rights of the common man through his land policy. His land policy would allow people to expand  further into the west. The more obtainable land there was signified a higher electorate. Jacksons belief of rotation in office allowed average men to try their hand at government. Rotation in office is something which had been previously limited to the aristocratic elite since they were the only ones viewed as capable of managing the job. His success in achieving basic individual rights is shown in Doc. D. when Harriet Marineau, a British visitor to the United States reported that she had seen every man as an independent citizen and controversies of which the people were to be judges. However, the concept of individual liberty is not applied to minorities such as the blacks and Indians. This is seen in Document E. when Philip Hone, a New York City businessman describes riots in Eastern cities. The spirit of riot and subordination to the lawsappears to have been produced by hostility to the blacks and an indiscriminate persecution of all whose skins were darker than those of their enlightened fellow citizens. Document G also demonstrates that individual liberty was only directed towards whites. If individual liberty had been meant for all the Indians would not have been removed from their homeland. Further proof of whites against minorities is represented in Document A when George Henry Evans explains that all men are created equal, and allowed the rights of life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Obviously, the Indians, immigrants and blacks were not granted these rights to individual freedom. Jackson was a guardian of the economy since he supported economic opportunities. To make sure that economic opportunities were achieved Jackson had to be anti big business. A big business tended to monopolize a certain part of the economy and not allow other businesses to expand and earn money. He wanted to ensure that the economy was not in the hands of a few rich men. In 1835 Jacksonian Roger Brooke Taney replaced Federalist John Marshall as Supreme Court judge. In 1837, a case known as Charles River Bridge versus Warren Bridge was about monopolies and charters. Two companies wanted to build bridges across the Charles River, but only one had a long standing charter. In the Marshall Court, the ruling would have been that the contract was stronger than the interests of anything else. But, under the  Jacksonians, it was ruled that the interests of the people were more important then any charter. Jackson viewed the bank as unconstitutional and undemocratic. In Document B Jackson describes the bank as incompatible with the Constitution he also says, The present Bank of the United States enjoys an exclusive privilege of bankingalmost a monopoly of the foreign and domestic exchange. Therefore, when Henry Clay proposes a bill to congress in 1832 that would recharter the bank four year before needed Jackson vetoes it. After this Jackson bleeds the bank dry by removing federal deposits and started placing surplus money in pet banks which were pro-Jackson banks. The nullification issue emerged due to the Tariff of Abominations which protected it us from European competition. It angered South Carolina since they had to buy expensive manufactured goods and had to sell crops on an unprotected market. As a result of the high tariff Britain does not purchase as many goods as it previously did. The south also feared the tariff as a possible foothold for later federalist interference with slavery in the southern states this was brought on by a the South Carolina Cxposition written by John Calhoun which stated that the federal government has a compact with the states and that the state conventions had the power to declare laws unconstitutional and states should nullify the tariff. The tariff of 1832 was null and void they undertook the necessary military preparations and threatened to secede from the union if the United states government came to collect the customs and duties by force. Jackson was furious because he was against nullification therefore he quietly prepared an army and passed the force bill which authorized the president to use the army and navy to collect fed tariff duties. Henry Clay, although a supporter of the tariff influenced the compromise tariff of 1833 which said that the tariff would be reduced by 10% over a period of 8 years. By 1842 it would be back at 20-25%.Through Jacksons aggressive reaction of South Carolina threatening to secede from the state we can see that Jackson believes in states rights. However, if he has to choose, the union comes before states rights. Being a guardian of the constitution means protecting many things at one time  since the constitution is basically a summary of the rights we possess. The rights that had to be protected were individual liberty, and economic opportunity among other things and the Jacksonians were not guardians of these rights. The time Jackson was president tends to be regarded as the Age of the Common Man. The reason as to why is that Jackson attempted to incorporate the common man into the current political economic situation. The type of common man that was favored by Jackson was a poor westerner who desired land, freedom of choice, and a say in politics. He succeeds in incorporating the common man into politics through Rotation in office and involving them in government rallies. However, the problem with improving the common man was that anyone else who would fall out of this category: women, slaves, Native Americans, wealthy, Easterners, Northerners, were often denied their own rights which is a direct violation of the constitution. (Doc D). The exempting of those who wouldnt fit the category of the common man, helped stress universal manhood suffrage. Jacksons personal view of the Bank of the United States was that it was unconstitutional. However, John Marshall had made it very clear in McCulloch vs. Maryland that the bank was constitutional. Jackson believed that preservation of the union preceded states rights. This was an unconstitutional view considering it was the states who had created the government. Therefore, if the government was stepping its rights the states could protest against the governments actions. The first amendment is violated in Document F when the U.S. Post office suppresses abolitionist mail into the South. The reason why this was done to keep the multitude from finding out which would have motivated many to become anti-slavery. The Jacksonians could be described as two-faced considering they were for the common man while being a part of the aristocratic elite. They attempted to promote economic opportunities by eliminating the Bank of the United States. The Panic of 1937 was a repercussion of removing the bank yet Jackson succeeded in his main effort. His main focus was retrieving power from Nicholas Biddle, the owner of the bank. The belief of Union preceding states was utilized to assert the power of the executive branch. Finally, Jacksonian democracy did allow more people to vote than ever before and made government more directly responsible to the people.

Hip Hop Essay -- Culture Hip Hop Music Essays

Hip Hop Hip-hop is a musical art form, created by African-Americans and Latino-Americans in the mid seventies. Its conception came from a young generation of African-Americans in the Bronx, who created a beautiful, prideful expression of music, art and dance from a backdrop of poverty. Since that ignition in a New York City borough, it has inspired people from all socio-economic and cultural backgrounds all across the world. When hip-hop is discussed as an art form and not just as rap, it usually is meant to include the four elements: the DJ, the emcee, graffiti writing, and break dancing. Some of these were around before the words "hip-hop" were uttered, but they reestablished their identities within hip-hop. I have been listening to a growing range of hip-hop for five years, steadily. However, I do not adhere myself to hip-hop by identity, meaning I don't rap, DJ, break-dance, or write graffiti on a regular basis. Thus I accept my fan status, but I do consider myself an educated fan, and since hip-hop has given me a lot in terms of ideas, joy, and enlightenment, I will try to regard it with the respect that it deserves as well as make a conscious effort to open my eyes to the conditions of racial discrimination in this country. My methodology in conducting this field report was to read the work of respected journalists on hip-hop, or by hip-hop artists, watch the movie Wildstyle, a revered and influential movie that is now nearly 20 years old and which documents hip-hop as it was in the Bronx. Hip-hop is my primary listening interest, and I do consider five years of listening to hip-hop and seeing hip-hop shows a resource. The idea of learning hip-hop through books is laughable to many of those wh... ...1982 (!), the year that I was born, was so pure, unaffected by what the image the industry wanted it to have later on. The books I read I enjoyed immensely, challenging my ideas, what I though were facts, and making me think harder. Unfortunately, I wasn. t able to supplement this report with an interview, however there was nobody with the exception of a professor whom I wished to interview. I could have gathered more viewpoints on this subject, but I think the sources I. ve quoted are very reliable. Works Cited: 1. George, Nelson. 1998. Hip-hop America. Penguin Putnam Inc. New York, New York. 2. Wimsatt, William Upski. 1994. Bomb the Suburbs. The Subway and Elevated Press Company, Chicago. 3. Wildstyle. Directed by Charlie Ahearn. 1982. 4. Sexton, Adam. 1995. Rap on Rap: Straight-up talk on hip-hop culture. Dell Publishing, New York.

Benefits of Using Laser Communication Technology Essay

Laser communication, often referred to as free-space optics (FSO) or free-space laser (FSL) communication, is similar to fiber optic cable in terms of carrier wavelength and bandwidth capability, but data are transmitted directly through the atmosphere via laser beams over paths from a few meters to 4 km or longer. FSL uses lasers in the near-infrared spectrum, typically at wavelengths of 850 or 1550 nm. Given these wavelengths, atmospheric attenuation must be considered, and an adequate margin of optical power (dB) must exist to support high system availability (the percentage of time that an FSL link is in operation, typically 99.9%). A visual range of 100 m can attenuate a laser beam at a rate of nearly 130 dB km−1. For short links (< 1200 m), fog and low clouds are the primary concerns. For longer links, scintillation, heavy rain, and snow frequently become issues. To address these issues, long-term climate data are analyzed to determine the frequency of occurrence of low visibilities and low-cloud ceilings. To estimate availability at a site of interest, adjustments to airport climate data are made to accommodate differences in altitude, geography, and the effects of the urban heat island. In sum, communication via FSL is a feasible alternative to fiber optic cable when atmospheric conditions are considered and properly analyzed. Polarization shift keying (PolSK) is a new modulation technique, it uses the state of polarization of an electromagnetic wave carrier as the information bearing parameter. This paper describes a modulation/demodulation method based on PolSK, and a high-speed laser communication system, and verifies its feasibility through theoretical analysis and computer simulation. Studies have shown that the based on the parameters of laser polarization modulation and demodulation techniques have unique advantages, such as in anti-atmospheric interference, higher data rate and lower bit error rate, greatly improving the reliability of communication. In addition to polymorphism modulation can be achieved by this modulation method, which has a data capacity. In the future, the PolSK modulation and differential demodulation method has a broad space for development and application prospects in the space laser communications. Research Background The technology of laser communication was concerned by great nation in the world, because of its advantage of good security, building network conveniently, large communication capacity, smallness and portable, low power consumption and the other advantages. With the achievement of micro-arc order dynamic tracking technology, in order to develop its potentials and advantages further, high-rate and long distance became the new directions of the development of the laser communication. The technology of laser communication combined some more mature technologies of high speed optical fiber communication technology, such as front optical amplification, wavelength division multiplexing, diversity reception and the all-optical network technology, which also brought new problems into the air light coupled into optical fiber. Because of the effects of the deviation of the alignment, vibration and atmosphere, it was difficult to achieve high efficiency of air light coupled into optical fiber for tiny diameter of core of the fiber. Thus, big diameter of core of the fiber should be chosen. As the limit of the devices, the detective area of the detector of the high speed optoelectronic detector was difficult to achieve above 100ÃŽ ¼m. Therefore, it’s necessary to optimize the diameter of fiber core and the detective area. At the same time, in order to lighten and lessen the optical platform and void some practical problems such as the high frequency interference and the moment of the wire-wound, it’s necessary to estimate and solve the loss of optical docking to optimize the high efficiency and speed received system of the atmospheric laser communication. In the paper, the high-efficiency and high-speed receiver technology of atmospheric laser communication was analyzed, which was based on ideal and atmospheric condition. For which, the received system of the atmospheric laser communication and its main parameters were discussed and the effects of the atmospheric on the laser communication with high efficiency and velocity were analyzed. Besides, the factors were also discussed, which affected the space light coupling into the fiber and fiber docking coupling and the corresponding simulation results were given. The method was proposed, which was used to solve the problems of the atmospheric laser communication, and the results of the indoor fiber docking coupling were analyzed so that it was feasible and efficient. The experiment of the maximum coupling efficiency about the atmosphere was carried out and the effects of the atmospheric on the experimental results were discussed. Modern lasers represent a massive improvement over lasers of the past, and the technology is advancing just as quickly now as it has been for the past decade. Optical fiber has demonstrated the ability to move hundreds of terabits of information per second. In addition, lasers are able to see through dense foliage, and can allow for space communication from distances measured in millions of miles. The capabilities of modern lasers almost are like science-fiction stories, and the technology involved is still improving Statement of the Problem This paper aims to identify the benefits of laser communication technology. The objective of these communication projects is to service personal communication users almost everywhere on Earth. The inter-satellite links in those projects use microwave radiation as the carrier. Free-space optical communication between satellites networked together can make possible high-speed communication between different places on Earth. Some advantages of an optical communication system over a microwave communication system in free space are: (1) smaller size and weight, (2) less transmitter power, (3) larger bandwidth, and (4) higher immunity to interference. The pointing from one satellite to another is a complicated problem due to the large distance between the satellite, the narrow beam divergence angle, and vibration of the pointing system. Such vibration of the transmitted beam in the receiver plane decreases the average received signal, which increases the bit error rate. We review: (1) the present status of satellite networks, (2) developing efforts of optical satellite communication around the world, (3) performance results of vibration effects on different kinds of optical communication satellite networks, and (4) seven approaches to overcome the problems caused by transmitter pointing vibration Methodology This paper aims to investigate the design and the benefits of using laser communication technology. Operation from a low earth orbit (LEO) platform (e.g., the International Space Station) would allow transmission of single photons and pairs of entangled photons to ground stations and hence permit quantum communication applications such as quantum cryptography on a global scale. Integration of a source generating entangled photon pairs and single-photon detection into existing optical terminal designs is feasible. Even more, major subunits of the classical terminals such as those for pointing, acquisition, and tracking as well as those providing the required electronic, thermal, and structural backbone can be adapted so as to meet the quantum communication terminal needs. Results and Discussion Common uses for lasers in sensing include determining precise location information that radar and traditional sighting systems for kinetic weapons like rifles and missiles cannot provide. â€Å"When using lasers with a weapon system they’re a complement to kinetic systems,† explains Michael Rinn, vice president of the Boeing Co. Directed Energy Systems segment in Albuquerque, N.M. Lasers â€Å"offer an advantage of cost-per-shot, precision ranging, and precision pointing,† Rinn continues. â€Å"From three, four, or five kilometers away a laser can focus on a moving target precisely. Radar and gun systems are nowhere near the kinds of ranges we’re demonstrating.† Of course, lasers aren’t a replacement for any system, but they serve to compliment systems by providing additional information. Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is one of the primary ways lasers can sense objects and movement. LIDAR can create images by bouncing lasers off a targe t. Narrow-beam lasers enable LIDAR to detect images where other sensors could not, such as finding objects in heavy foliage or finding exact distances, heights, chemical compounds, and atmospheric composition. LIDAR not only provides this information, but also can render still images in three dimensions. Given sufficient processing power, lasers also can render moving images that look like videos. Scientists have used LIDAR to guide unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including an AH-6 unmanned Little Bird light helicopter gunship, through areas with obstacles. LIDAR provides the precision necessary for autonomous piloting, a hot commodity at a time when UAVs require at least one operator. The AH-6 is a military version of the MD 500 light helicopter. As with any advancing technology — especially one that involves as much computation as laser technology does — the size of laser systems has shrunk to sizes that were unimaginable when they were first introduced. â€Å"We’re seeing leaps and bounds in the technology,† says Boeing’s Rinn. â€Å"Sizes have gone down from racks to credit-card size; you’re seeing a lot of transformation in the industry.† Early-model laser systems were big, awkward, and used too much power to make them practical for vehicles. Today’s lasers, however, can fit in small boxes and can be parts of UAV payloads, fixed-site perimeter-security systems, helicopters, and ground vehicles. Laser limitations Laser sensing does have a weakness, when compared to other kinds of sensors. â€Å"Heavy rain, really bad weather conditions, and sandstorms, cause problems for lasers,† explains Boeing’s Rinn. Adverse weather conditions prevent laser light from reaching its target. Even heat waves can distort the laser beam and lead to inaccurate or lost data. Fortunately, there is a way around atmospheric issues with lasers. The answer to this problem is an atmospheric-compensation sensor that uses a low-power beam before correcting itself. The now-discontinued Airborne Laser (ABL) program, for example, sent out a low-power laser before firing its powerful chemical laser. The low-power laser measured atmospheric distortion between the aircraft and its target, and used that information to calibrate the laser weapon to put the most energy possible on target. Atmospheric compensation enables the use of lasers even in harsh environments that would render uncorrected laser sensors useless. Atmospheric compensation does not allow lasers to function in particularly bad conditions, however. Atmospheric distortion happens when air currents or pollution bends light, and is the phenomenon that makes the stars at night appear to twinkle . Lasers for communications Fiber-optic cable has seen huge improvements in the past decade. With potential data rates that reach data rates of terabits per second, lasers can move vast quantities of data more securely than other forms of communications. Lasers are impervious to electromagnetic interference (EMI), do not emit stray signals like RF energy does, and fiber lasers are substantially lighter than copper cable. Fiber-optic cable â€Å"Is lighter, faster, smaller has no EMI and doesn’t cause sparks,† explains John Lee, vice president of marketing at optical fiber specialist Timbercon Inc. in Lake Oswego, Ore. â€Å"War fighters today have a huge appetite for data, if we don’t have the type of bandwidth fiber provides we won’t be giving our war fighters everything we can.† Lasers also have been used in communications without optical fiber. â€Å"Laser communication is a very specific application — satellite-to-satellite, terrestrial-to-satellite, terrestrial-to -airplane — are very high bandwidth applications that lasers can do.† Boeing’s Rinn says. Lasers can be used for communication without any cables to communicate from huge distances, particularly in space. This practice, called free-space optical communications, uses laser beams that travel through the air, or through outer space, instead through optical fiber, and is generating substantial industry excitement for its potential in broadband data communications. The NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif., in fact, has created its own free-space optical communications research group. More information on the NASA group is online at Free-space optical communications send lasers operating at wavelengths not visible to the human eye to receivers for high-bandwidth line-of-sight communications. The benefit of free-space optical communication over radio signals is clear. Free-space optical communication does not experience interference from radio waves and is nearly impossible for an enemy to intercept or disrupt. Free-space optical communication is particularly applicable to inter-satellite communications because it is relatively interference-free, offers better connections than RF signals, and travels for longer ranges. Lasers provide high-bandwidth communications links between satellites, deep-space probes, and orbiting telescopes using lasers, lenses, and mirrors, these connections allow for fast communication with receivers and transmitters. Some space-based free-space optical communications links operate reliably millions of miles apart. Inter-satellite communications links can send and receive data that are exponentially larger than RF signals can provide, while using less power. NASA’s own project, the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration, seeks to prove the long-term viability of free-space optical communication and increase current inter-satellite data rates by as much as a hundred times greater than current RF communication allows. The Laser Communications Relay Demonstration will be holding preliminary design review in 2013, with ground testing starting in 2014. The project will then fly as a commercial satellite payload in 2016. Future laser technology Laser technology has yet to mature, and many enhancements are left to be made. Everything lasers can do currently is still improving at a rapid rate and new techniques to improve lasers are still in the works. One such new technique is beam combining, which blends several laser streams into one high-power beam. â€Å"There are a lot of people chasing combining laser beams,† says Boeing’s Rinn. â€Å"There’s a lot of research and technology growth going on there.† Researchers are taking three approaches to combine laser beams: spectral beam combining, coherent beam combining and polarization beam combining. Each approach has its own uses, benefits, and downsides. The goal of beam combining is to increase laser power and brightness to enable long-distance communications and laser weapons. Beam combining techniques Polarization beam combining blends two linearly polarized laser beams — one vertically polarized and the other horizontally polarized. These beams move to a thin-film polarizer so that one is reflected and the other transmitted, forcing both beams to propagate in the same direction. This creates an unpolarized beam with almost the same optical power as the two input beams combined, and with the same beam quality. Brightness similarly increases. Polarized beam combining does not scale power, however, because the unpolarized output cannot go through the same process. â€Å"It is expected that beam-combined laser systems will in the near future reach output power levels of tens to hundreds of kilowatts,† Paschotta says. â€Å"Possible applications of such systems are in the military sector in the context of anti-missile and other directed energy laser weapons. There are also possibilities for long-distance free-space optical communication and laser-based manufacturing.â⠂¬  Conclusion In the free-space laser communication there is sometimes a strong need for reduction of the diffraction spot size in the far field. In this paper, instead of the usage of the larger size aperture lens in the free-space laser communication system, we introduce diffractive superresolution technology to design and fabricate a cheap pure-phase plate for realizing the smaller spot size than the usual Airy spot size, which can decrease the weight and size of the emitting lens. We have calculated 2, 3, 4, 5 circulation zones for optimizing the highest energy compression (Strehl ratio) with the constraint of the First zero ratio value G=0.8. Numerical results show that the 2- or 3-circular zone pure-phase plate can yield the highest Strehl ratio (S≈0.59) with the constraint of G=0.8, but the 4, 5 circular zone binary phase (0,Ï€) plates are calculated to yield the result ofS≈0.57 with G=0.8. We have fabricated 2- and 3-circular zone binary phase plate with binary optics technology. Finally, we have established an experimental system for simulation of the free-space laser communication to verify the advantage of the superresolution phase plate. Detailed experiments are presented. Factories use sensors to guarantee product quality. The advent of cell phones and constant communications with satellites has raised demands for better communications. The transoceanic fiber cables that sit at the bottom of the ocean, coupled with data demands that almost double yearly thanks to the explosion of streaming video has also led to more and more research being performed on optimizing optical communications and optics in general. Acknowledgement Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Teacher Madam Marlita delos Santos for the continuous support of my study, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time.I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my study. Besides my Teacher, I would like to thank the rest of my teachers in Lope de Vega National High School for their encouragement, insightful comments, and hard questions. My sincere thanks also goes to my parent for their support and undying love to me so I can finish the secondary learning and I may able to achieve my dreams and ambitions. I thank my fellow Classmates, school mates, and friends for the stimulating discussions, for the sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines, and for all the fun we have had in the last four years. Last but not the least; I would like to thank God for his Guidance and Love for me and the World. The Writer Bibliography 1. Journal of Optical Networking, Vol. 4, Issue 9, pp. 549-560 (2005) 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JON.4.00 3. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/jocn/abstract.cfm?URI=jon-4-9-5490549 4. http://lasers.jpl.nasa.gov. 5. M. Pfennigbauer, M. Aspelmeyer, W. Leeb, G. Baister, T. Dreischer, T. Jennewein, G. Neckamm, J. Perdigues, H. Weinfurter, and A. Zeilinger, â€Å"Satellite-based quantum communication terminal employing state-of-the-art technology,† J. Opt. Netw. 4, 549-560 (2005)

The Basic Planning Process

The basic planning process is outlined in our text as consisting of six steps. The first step is Situational Analysis. This step provides a detailed estimation of prerequisites and assumptions or best guess on possible issues that may arise. The second Step is alternative goals and plans is based on the situational analysis and the information that was examined during that process.The third step is the goal and plan evaluation, this it the step where the pros and cons are discussed and weighet against the other alternative goals discussed in step two. The forth and final step in the developmental process is goal and plan selection once all of the different goals have been examined and the pros and cons have been considered a goal is chosen based on the summary of the other three steps. The fifth step is implementation based on the outcome of the forth step.The sixth step is to monitor and control the processes that have been put into place. This is vital most especially right after i mplementation because there are always issues that arise that will need dealt with regardless of how well the planning stages went. I do not believe that any one area is more important than another. There is a symbiotic relationship between these steps because the build on each other and take up where the last one left off. If I have to choose a step as being more crucial than another it would be step three.It is imperative that you trouble shoot your ideas for flaws that exist and work out as many of the kinks as possible be for practical application can begin. Otherwise the headache that is created is usually crippling to the entire process regardless of how good of an idea it was to start with. Bateman, T. S. , & Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading & collaborating (9th ed. ). Management: Leading & collaborating in a competitive world , New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Relationship in the Tempest Essays

Relationship in the Tempest Essays Relationship in the Tempest Paper Relationship in the Tempest Paper Essay Topic: The Tempest Prospero and Mirandas relationship in the Tempest is a strongly bonded one. However, Prospero has a very strict control over Miranda, especially any aspects relating to sexual relations. Prospero loves having and controlling power, and Miranda is another thing to add to his list, which he can have complete power over. Like every parent and their children, they are bound to have arguments at some points through their life, but these hardly change the relationship between them. In the time that Shakespeare was writing this play, woman played less important roles in society that men did, so we have to take this into account. There are also many different ways in interpreting what Shakespeare has said, so sometimes, we have to choose what we, ourselves think is right. From the beginning of the play, we can tell that Prospero and Mirandas relationship is a strong one, when Prospero uniforms her of their past. Miranda is obviously very close to her father, because when he tells Miranda about being usurped by his false brother Antonio, this immediately provokes hatred in Miranda. If she wasnt so close to her father, and did not love him as much, then she wouldnt have been so moved by what she just heard. She says:  I should sin  To think but nobly of my Grandmother;  Good wombs have born bad sons.  This quotation expresses her disbelief in the feat of such a good and honourable woman producing such an evil son. We can see just how much love Prospero has for Miranda when Prospero tells the audience, about when they left Milan on an unworthy boat, in a storm, when Miranda was quite young. Prospero says:  Thou was thou did preserve me.  The word preserve seems to show that even when he was crying and groaning, Miranda was what kept him going, kept him determined to survive. This shows how strong their relationship is and how much love that Prospero has for Miranda even though some of the time; he does not always show it. Since arriving on the island, Prospero has had to do a lot of things for Miranda, including p being her tutor, as there are no teachers on the island to educate Miranda:  Have I thy schoolmaster, made thee more profit  Than other princes.  Because Prospero is such a great man, he has been able to give her better education than other princes. The love and kindness in the relationship is reciprocal, as Miranda expresses her gratefulness towards her father:  Heavens thank you fort.  Next the audience witness Prospero using his magic in order to lull Miranda to sleep so that he might have to chance to speak with his magical sprite Ariel. In this way, Prospero uses sleep to separate his family life and his business of bringing his enemies to justice. Miranda says:  The strangeness of your story put  Heaviness in me. Shakespeare uses this power of Prosperos to allow sub-plots into the play, and even mystery in the plot, and the characters within the play. For example, the audience is aware of Prosperos dialogue with Ariel and the history of Ariel, Sycorax and Caliban whereas Miranda is ignorant of this. Prospero may have wished to protect Mirandas innocence by putting her to sleep so that she would not know about Ariel or his torment as a result of the witch Sycorax. Whatever the reason, Prospero uses sleep to remove the complications, so that he may speak with Ariel openly without having to answer any questions of explain anything to Miranda. However, other people may take this power as the easy way out, and that he cannot be bothered to explain anything to Miranda. To others, it may seem that he is keeping something from his daughter, and he shouldnt be doing this. I believe that the first reason is the real reason, but we are left to make our own choice.  Prospero shows great caring towards Miranda, and a good example of this is after Ariel and Prospero have spoken, and it is Mirandas turn to awake:  Awake, dear heart, awake; thou has slept  Well.  The words dear heart express the caring feeling towards Miranda, and also shows us what Miranda possesses.

Analyzing A Selection Of Childrens Literature English Literature Essay

Analyzing A Selection Of Childrens Literature English Literature Essay With the birth of the field of children’s literature over two centuries old, Carnegie Medal winners represent only a small part of the history and tradition of children’s literature. The Graveyard Book (2009), the most recent addition recipient of the award, follows some of the traditions of the field, and differs in others. In my attempt to discuss how The Graveyard Book fits into the history and tradition of children’s literature, I will be comparing it with other notable works in the field, specifically, Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island (1883), J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997), and Philippa Pearce’s Tom’s Midnight Garden (1958). As a fellow Carnegie winner, Tom’s Midnight Garden, offers a comparison of fantasy fiction, and when considered with Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone provides an interesting view of the changes that have occurred in the genre over the years . Treasure Island is structured similarly to The Graveyard Book, and both novels are good examples of the bildungsroman genre. In the course of this essay I will be referring to a range of critical material relevant to my discussion. The effect of children’s literature on children, and the reverse, is circular; as children’s attitudes to the world around them change, so too does the literature written for them, and as that literature changes, it again affects children’s attitudes. Furthermore, the evolution of adults’ understanding of childhood has affected which books are deemed suitable for publication. Children’s literature commonly exemplifies the beliefs and context of the culture in which it is written, however, since the majority of children’s literature is written by adults, it often reflects issues that concern adults, and not the intended audience. Adult-authors must make assumptions about the reaction of a child-reader or the beha viour of a child-protagonist, and in doing so, can sometimes offer a poor representation of a child’s perspective. This difference between the adult’s and child’s attitude to children’s literature can often be seen in the contrast between best-selling books, and those books that win literary prizes. Contrary to this, The Graveyard Book has won the Newbery Medal, Hugo Award for Best Novel, and the Locus Award for Best Young Adult novel in 2009, and the 2010 Carnegie Medal (Wikipedia contributors, 2011), spent fifteen weeks on the New York Times best-seller list for children’s chapter books (Rich, 2009), and has a film adaptation currently in production (Wikipedia contributors, 2011). Gaiman himself recognized the unusual nature of a book being both popular and prestigious, saying that typically ‘there are books that are best sellers and books that are winners’ (Gaiman quoted in Rich, 2009). The popularity and prestige of a children†™s book is dependent on a number of different elements; instruction and/or delight, and social, cultural and historical contexts (Maybin, 2009, p. 116). Maybin states that ‘prizes signify a book’s prestige in the eyes of the critics, but they are not necessarily an indication of its appeal to children’ (Maybin, 2009, p. 118). The division between the children’s books awarded literary prizes, and those that are popular with children is significant. An example of such division can be seen when comparing Philip Pullman’s Northern Lights (1995) and Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone; Northern Lights was the 1995 Carnegie Medal winner, while Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone only reached the shortlist for the 1997 Medal, but went on to win the Nestlà © Smarties Book Prize, The British Book Award for Children’s Book of the Year and the Children’s Book Award, all of which, suggestively, have invo lved children in the judging process. Like The Graveyard Book, both books are fantasy-adventure novels featuring a young protagonist. All three novels are read an enjoyed by adults and children, but while Northern Lights is considered by adults to be ‘quality’ literature, Harry Potter is criticised being not literature but a ‘phenomenon’ (Zipes, 2009, p. 289). Nicholas Tucker (2009) argues that the criteria for judging the quality of children’s books varied according to conceptions of childhood; for those with a romantic conception, the emphasis is on an exciting, imaginative storyline, whilst those who view childhood primarily as preparation for adulthood favour books that are ‘truly representative’ (Tucker, 2009, p. 153). If compared to earlier children’s books, it appears that modern children’s literature reflects the development of a clearer concept of childhood.

Language and identity , English composition 1 Essay

Language and identity , English composition 1 - Essay Example Anzaldua's essay is concerned with naming - but not 'mapping' - the multiplicity of identity formations she occupies simultaneously and contradictorily. She agrees with the (post)structuralist view that language speaks us, and that the languages we speak define our identity, our cultural make-up, our ideologies, and our definition of self. "Language is a homeland", Anzaldua says (1999, p. 895). She asserts that 'ethnic identity is twin skin to linguistic identity - I am my language" (p. 898). But those who occupy 'the border', those who have multiple and conflicting subject positions or identity categories - such as Chicana lesbian - are 'deslanguadas' [without language] according to Anzaldua: "Somos los del espanol deficiente" (p. 897). We are your linguistic nightmare, your linguistic aberration, your linguistic mestizaje, the subject of your burla. Because we speak with tongues of fire we are culturally crucified. Racially, culturally and linguistically somos huerfanos - we speak an orphan tongue (p. 897). Anzaldua's own essay, in English and in Spanish - sometimes translated, sometimes not - embodies her answer to the problem of dominant and subordinated languages and identities. Her concept of 'mita y mita' - half and half (p. 890).

Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Nutrition - Essay Example The overall effect of these factors is however, cell impairment that inhibits the function of insulin to stimulate absorption of sugar into cells. When this resistance occurs, sugar cannot be efficiently absorbed and its levels rise above optimum. One of the major causes of type 2 diabetes is genetics. The disease is hereditary, which means that a parent with the disease before a child’s birth is likely to transfer the complication to his or her child. Similarly, diagnosis of the disease in a sibling is an indicator that a person is likely to be a victim. This is however a reflection of the genetic transfer from a parent (Diabetes, 1). A person’s origin has also been identified as a factor to developing diabetes. This is because some races have shown significantly higher susceptibility to the type II diabetes than others have. An example is the American Indian race. As a result, being an American Indian increases a person’s chances of contracting the disease. â€Å"High blood pressure,† as high as â€Å"140/90† and above is another factor that causes type II diabetes (Diabetes, 1). The basis of the disease, inability to experience efficient absorption of blood sugar into cells, explains the role of blood pressure in causing the disease. This is because transfer of molecules through cell membrane, whether facilitated by insulin or not, is a factor of pressure hence unfavorably high levels of pressure hinders the sugar molecules’ flow into cells. High levels of cholesterol also affect sugar absorption into cells causing type II diabetes. Higher levels such as above â€Å"35mg/dLâ €  have for example been identified to cause the disease (Diabetes, 1). Similarly, factors such as being overweight or being physically inactive also cause the disease and can be associated with effects of excessive accumulation of fats in the body (Diabetes, 1). People with type two diabetes exhibits specific complications that have been

Legal and ethical issues concerning violence in video games Term Paper

Legal and ethical issues concerning violence in video games - Term Paper Example Many cases have been put forward to ban the usage of violent video games in the United States. Strong legal measures have not been taken though a regulatory body by the video game industry has been formed. Legal and Ethical Issues Concerning Violence in Video Games Human beings have advanced from the Stone Age to an era of development and progress. Technological advancements have served to provide human beings with expansion and improvement in all fields of life which include sciences, medicine and different forms of entertainment. The scope of entertainment has widened from the outdoor games and there has been great progress in the development of indoor games. The expansion of media and its grip on today’s world can be highlighted by the strength that it has in overpowering many important decisions that an individual takes. Media affects the culture as well as living of the individuals in this society. It can affect the thinking of people by the way it portrays the different happenings in the world. Video games are an important form of the media. The wide usage and popularity of video games has greatly increased over the years and it is now widely used as a form of entertainment. The popularity of video games has been associated with different problems which include the fact that the exposure to violent video games serves to have negative effects on the people who play these games. Thus, it has also become an issue of debate owing to the fact that there have been controversies with regard to the ethical and legal issues concerning violence in video games. There has been a great surge in the number of people who use video games for their entertainment and hence the usage of video games has highly increased over the years. In the United States, it has been analyzed that children between the age group of 8 to 18 years are exposed to 40 hours out of one complete week to the various forms of media which include the video games. The popularity of video games has been highly increased amongst the younger age groups. An interesting aspect is that children who are only two years of age play video games and their exposure ranges to an average of one hour per day. Amongst the boys between the ages of 8 to 13 years, it has been analyzed that the exposure to video games is higher than 7.5 hours in seven days. The negative aspect of this issue which has been put forward by a research is that the video games that are purchased by the children are not supervised by their parents and hence the supervision of the games that are played by the children is minimal (Anderson et al 2001). Furthermore, it has been explained that the games played by almost 75 percent of the teenagers are not meant for their age groups as they provide for increased exposure and violence portrayal and are for adults (Adams, 2010). The severity of the violence exposure can be analyzed by the statistics of a research conducted in the United States which provided for the fact that the children have an exposure to 40,000 killings by various forms of media by the time they have attained the age of 18 years (Anderson 2005). Video games were brought into the market in the twentieth century and in particular after 1970. Video games were not controversial in the beginning but the invention of a new game which was referred to as "Death Race 2000" became a subject of debate. It was believed that the game was

Short Story The Moon Wolf English Literature Essay

Short Story The Moon Wolf English Literature Essay The moon was rising slowly tipping its rays across the surface of the land. The white thread like runnels spun silver cords blanketing the fields. Unusual for this time of year a chilly wind had begun to blow across from the marshlands. It wafted up from the deep, ebbing pits wallowing with the scents of seaweed, fish and the pungent stench of tepid water. This aint right John thought to himself as he stood silent sentry to his familys farm. He was alone. Not another human soul lived on Drumna hill, just John and his dad and his brother both of whom had gone to the village. His mother had passed away when John was twelve. Even to this day he could still remember it. The moon had been full that night too. The wind had been strangely chilly and the world had been eerily quiet, on that night almost eight years ago. He had woken up, unusual for him since he was such a sound sleeper, he had woken up with an uneasy feeling in his heart. It had been pounding, each pulse resounding, ricocheting against the inner chambers of his heart. He had been thirsty, parched in fact like he hadnt drunk in days, even though he had followed his routine exactly. He had washed up straight after dinner, he had kissed his parents goodnight, and his brother had ruffled his hair in the fond way only Declan could. Then he had sat beside his bed and said his nightly prayers. His father had brought his glass of water, and he half emptied it before he climbed into bed. Goodnight John his dad had said. Then for no reason at all he had woken up. He sat up in bed, blinking away his sleep in the darkness. He stretched out his hand to feel his bed cloths, the rough and comforting familiarities, he gently pushed them aside. Shivering he extracted himself from bed. Why did he suddenly feel so cold, had it not been the middle of spring just this morning? It is a wonder he had thought, how the dark transforms the world. All around him his old bedroom looked like a strangers cavern. The deep grained wood that formed the walls looked like tiny dry streams forming map-like patterns on his walls. He ran his hand along them, feeling his way to the door. Suddenly he had stopped he remembered why he had woken up. He had heard the singular call of a wolf. His blood had run cold in his body and had already drained from his face. He was being watched. With a sudden surge of energy he turned around. No one was there. He pivoted on the spot checking every crevice of his room with frantic eyes. The fear welling up in him lent him the feral instincts of an animal. Suddenly the swirling darkness parted and he could make out each shape clear and minute. Something in him lead him to the window. He did not know what but some how he had an inexplicable urge to look outside. He cautiously stepped closer to the curtains, gently parting the only shroud hiding him from that which lay outside. For a moment there was nothing, just the fields stretching to the edges of the wood. The forest acted like a natural fence, separating the world of man from the world of beasts. Then, it caught his eyes. Standing at the very border directly across from his window, was the wolf. The majestic creature stood half in shadow half bathing in the moonlight. The snowy light bounced of his coat, gleaming, like the very light radiated from him. All around it the world looked like it was bathed in snow, snow in the spring. Despite this the one thing that fixated Johns attention were the wolfs eyes. Those eyes burned and flickered like flames in a face as pure as snow. They were not bestial, on the contrary they were solemn, with the far away gaze of a philosopher lining the deep embers. But now, now they gazed into Johns eyes. There was no doubt about it. The wolf was there only to tell John something.