What Is Internal Energy

In chemistry and physics, internal energy (U) is defined as the total energy of a closed system.Internal energy is the sum of potential energy of the system and the systems kinetic energy. The change in internal energy (ΔU) of a reaction is equal to the heat gained or lost (enthalpy change) in a reaction when the reaction is run at constant pressure. Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas The internal energy of an ideal gas is a good approximation of a real-world system. In such as system, the particles in an ideal gas are considered to be point objects that have completely elastic collisions with each other. The real behavior of the monatomic gases (e.g., helium, argon) mirrors this model. In an ideal gas, internal energy is proportional to the number of particles of moles of a gas and its temperature: U cnT Here, U is internal energy, c is the heat capacity at constant volume, n is the number of moles, and T is the temperature. Sources Crawford, F. H. Heat, Thermodynamics, and Statistical Physics. Rupert Hart-Davis, London, Harcourt, Brace World, Inc., 1963.Lewis, Gilbert Newton, and Merle Randall. Thermodynaics, revised by Kenneth S. Pitzer and Leo Brewer, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1961.

Discrimination And The War At Appomattox Court House

Discrimination Whether we like it or not, discrimination is a problem that has been occurring for thousands of years and is one that will continue to occur for years to come. American history has seen its share of discrimination, perhaps none more evident than the mid-19th century. Political tensions between northern and southern states concerning states’ rights and slavery sent the country into turmoil. The bloodiest battle in American history soon began and the country would never be the same again. However, after the conclusion of the war at Appomattox Court House, the definition of American citizenship and personal liberties would be changed forever. Unfortunately, discrimination has continued to take place within the nation’s borders against other groups of people. Recently, discrimination against homosexual individuals has been quite an intense topic of debate. Although I do understand the logic behind people’s beliefs, it is astonishing to me that there ar e people in this world that aggressively disallow others to be who they are and live the life that they so choose to live. Persecution of others for religious or political beliefs, although understandable, is a devastating problem to the entire world. In my eyes, how can America be the land of the free and the home of the brave when citizens are unable to be free in their choices and are forced to be brave to act against these unethical doings? We have seen reforms take place to minimize discrimination throughoutShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Lincoln And Andrew Johnson1017 Words   |  5 Pagesestablished. The Freedmen’s Bureau provided assistance to emancipated African Americans Abolished in 1872. The following month in April Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S Grant at Appomattox court house. Joseph E Johnston’s surrenders to North Carolina on April 18th effectively ends the civil war. A week after the civil war ends President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. Then Andrew Johnson the vice president becomes president. Seven Months after the 13th Amendment became ratified and the southernRead MoreRacial Discrimination Has Been A Chronic Problem854 Words   |  4 PagesOne of man kind’s most baffling imperfections is discrimination. For some reason most men cannot accept that it is okay to be different from each other and also, that being different does not make one person less than. Throughout history racial discrimination has been a chronic problem. African’s were sought after as the premium slave. Racial slavery was a global trade that lasted for hundreds of years. When America was formed slavery transferred over to the new country. In America there were supportersRead MoreThe End Of The Civil War1446 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War, fought from 1861 thru 1865, not only divided the nation into north and south but also became the bloodiest war in American history with over 600,000 casualties. Furthermore, ties between the a lready unpopular President Abraham Lincoln and congress, to include majority of his cabinet, broke making it ever more evident the discontent of the political body with the decisions the president would make in the months leading to the end of the war. As the war came to an end and the roadRead MoreThe Divisive Politics Of Slavery2638 Words   |  11 Pagesjoin. Conflict Leads to Secession Dred Scott was a slave in possession of a slave owner who moved from Missouri to the free states of Illinois and Wisconsin and later back to Missouri. He appealed against the free court to be a free man for living in a free state but after years in court he was ruled against due to the ruling and fifth amendment which protected property, including slaves. In order for Scott to be free his slave master must have deprived him of his property. Stephen Douglass wasRead MoreAfrican Americans from 1865 to the Present2215 Words   |  9 Pagesfor many years. African Americans worked day and night, not as people but as property. The nation was very much divided in the 1860s because the south highly supported slavery while the north did not, and that division helped bring on the civil war. The war ended but that did not mean the winner got what they wanted. In 1865, The Thirteenth Amendment that outlawed slavery was submitted to the states, â€Å"AMENDMENT XIII Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment forRead MoreHow Did David Walker Stir Controversy With His Actions?2544 Words   |  11 PagesModules). David Walker was the son of a slave father and free black mother, who later got involved with and chose to associate with prominent black activists, he proceeded in Joining Organizations that rejected slavery in the South and rejected discrimination in the North. Walker would become involve with the nation’s first African American newspaper, the Freedom’s Journal, and contribute to it frequently, which would sub sequentially lead to him becoming Boston’s leading spokesman against slaveryRead MoreSlavery During The 19th Century2090 Words   |  9 Pageswere these African Americans forced to live in a society where they were looked down upon as inferiors, they were transported there through the Triangular Trade, a system that treated them like profitable merchandise. Africans who were prisoners of war, committed of petty crimes, or simply kidnapped were herded like animals into the ships against their will. Nearly 15 percent of the captured Africans died on the s hip before reaching America. Many died because of the abuse endured prior to the voyageRead MoreEssay about The Slave Trade in Colonial America4298 Words   |  18 Pagespass laws called slave codes. In general, these codes prohibited slaves from owning weapons, receiving an education, meeting one another or moving about without the permission of their masters, and testifying against white people in court. Slaves received harsher punishments for some crimes than white people. A master usually received less punishment for killing a slave than for killing a free person for the same reason. Slaves on small farms probably had more freedom thanRead MorePre-Columbian Period9302 Words   |  38 PagesEnglish settlers was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia, in which Native Americans had killed hundreds of English settlers. The largest conflict between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century was King Philips War in New England,[21] although the Yamasee War may be been bloodier.[22] The Plymouth Colony was established in 1620. The area of New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans who established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.[16] The Middle Colonies, consisting

Does Parole Work Free Essays

Does parole work? That is an important question as it relates to criminal justice and more specifically community corrections. How do we measure if parole is working? One way is to look at the recidivism rate of parolees. This policy paper will take an in depth look at this question. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Parole Work? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, this paper will study the current parole policy, my policy recommendations, and finally my conclusion of this problem. Parole is a very important tool for criminal justice in the United States of America. But does this tool work in reducing reoffending by released prisoners. Statement of the Problem Does parole work? One way to measure this by looking at recidivism rates by paroled prisoners who are released after serving their time. The proper question should be, does parole work in reducing recidivism rates? In the U.S. Justice System, parole is a thoughtfully used community correction option (Walker, 2015, p.288). One way to look at this is politically. The two sides are the right or Republicans and the left or Democrats. The right said that high-risk predators are let go into society and the left stated that release outcomes were based on less than scientific standards (Walker, 2015, p.288). The left’s position was formed before sentencing guidelines were established (Walker, 2015, p.288). According to Samuel Walker, parole provided valuable tools to both inmates trying to get out and prison officials trying to get compliance from inmates. Parole was also a way to combat the ever-rising population in correction institutions (Walker, 2015, p.288). According to an Urban Institute study (2009) it queried, does parole work on reducing recidivism rates of released inmates? The answer after studying the statistics is it has little to no effect on re-offending or parole violations committed by former inmates (Walker, 2015, p.289). The Urban Institute study (2009) did not say the practice of releasing prisoners early or the idea of parole was a bad idea. However, they found there is no system of community corrections that performs better than another system (Walker, 2015, p.289). According to Christopher Zoukis (author and contributor for the Huffington Post), examining statistics of greater than 25,400 ex-prisoners released home-free or on community corrections during 2005 revealed 49.3% had been rearrested within eight years of release. The study included arrests for new crimes and for violating their conditions of parole. The ex-inmates that were released in 2005 included 31.7% that were convicted and 24.7% who were incarcerated again (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-zoukis/report-documents-us-recid_b_9542312.html). The re-arrest rates for released ex-inmates (52.5%) was greater than those released on probation (35.1%). According to the study, most released or paroled individuals committed new offenses within two years of their release at an average of 21 months (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-zoukis/report-documents-us-recid_b_9542312.html). Parole was meant to reintegrate prisoners back into society as productive members of society not as an opportunity to reoffend. This creates new victims and cost tax payers millions in the mechanizations of the criminal justice system (Zoukis, 2017). Current Policy Here is the current United States Parole policy as follows: Federal prisoners serving a sentence of less than thirty years prior to November 1987 can apply for an initial parole hearing within 120 days of being incarcerated. This can happen through an application process for eligible prisoners (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). According United States Department of Justice, D.C. Code offenders get a parole hearing sometime in the nine months before they become eligible for parole. The date is determined by the Bureau of Prisons. Inmates who get parole are given a date of release based on the parole release guidelines. These guidelines have been developed to make release decisions fair for all inmates giving credence to the system used (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). Federal prisoners are entitled to interim hearings every eighteen to twenty-four months. The Parole Commission holds these hearings that are dependent upon the length of the prison term. During these hearings the Parole Commission must decide if there are enough positive or negative factors to legitimize changing the original release date (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). D.C. A review is done before the release date of each inmate. This is done to assess the prisoner’s record while incarcerated and they have met conditions of release (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). Inmates are given a decision of their parole hearings by a Notice of Action. Federal inmates can appeal any parole decision if they feel that they have been treated unfairly by the Parole Commission. This appeal will trigger a subsequent review by the National Appeals Board (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). According to the United States Department of Justice, prisoners of the federal system let out on parole or through mandatory release must report to their parole officer upon release. Paroled inmates must follow a set of rules set-up to aid in supervision and keep the public safe. D.C. offenders let go are supervised by the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). If the parolee commits a new offense and/or violates the terms of their release, then the Parole Commission is contacted. The Parole Commission then puts out a warrant for the parolee’s arrest and the parolee is picked up. Finally, a hearing is called to rule on the allegations and if the parolee is found in violation of their terms of parole, they may be returned to prison to serve out the rest of their prison sentence (https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works). Why is the parole policy and procedures not alleviating the recidivism rates of offenders? The main problem is that parole makes certain assumptions or predictions when releasing offenders into community corrections. When it comes to parole, the United States Justice system has been trying to predict who will be successful on parole since the 1920’s. Experts have tried out many formulas that attempt to predict what individuals will have success on parole. They hope these predicting formulas show who is ready to re-enter our society. These experts have had little success in predicting who is ready for release. The fact is that they are no closer today then they were in the 1920’s (Walker, 2015, p.290). According to Samuel Walker, Martinson and McKenzie stated that only particular programs work for certain inmates. Matching these inmates to the program that works best for them is a shot in the dark. Even using risk prediction instruments, like in California, is no more efficient than other programs (Walker, 2015, p.290). Policy Recommendations/Action Plan My policy recommendations are three-pronged. First, after the offender is released, the government should aid in employment. This would allow the offender to become a productive member of society and they would be able to earn a living. This would save the taxpayers millions by not having to pay for further incarceration. The next prong would be helping with housing for the first six months after release. Although this would cost the taxpayers, it would still be cheaper than housing them in prisons and the cost of all the procedures in the criminal justice system. Finally, therapy specific to an offender’s needs would be beneficial for the offender and basically everyone in our society. This would help provide mental tools to aid in rehabilitation. The biggest hurdle to implementing my recommendations would be how do you pay for it? I believe this would also cause political problems. Providing funding for government programs usually does create political push back. I believe policy makers would be on board for employment and therapy. I do not believe they would support the housing. Conclusion Does the United States parole policy work? When we release offenders on parole, is there a big difference in the recidivism rates versus that of offenders serving out their full term in prison? The answer is sadly no. The problem with all community corrections is that it creates a prediction problem. As we all know, predicting human behavior is at best fifty/fifty. I do believe the policy recommendations I made would help, but it is not one-hundred percent fool proof. It all comes down to free will and free choice. Works Cited United States Department of Justice. (2015). How Parole Works. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/uspc/how-parole-works. Walker, S. (2015). Sense and nonsense about crime, drugs and communities. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Zoukis, C. (2017, December 6). Report Documents U.S. Recidivism Rates for Federal Prisoners. Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-zoukis/report-documents-us-recid_b_9542312.html. How to cite Does Parole Work?, Papers